Marris Growth Maximisation Model Free Essays

Task Set 2 Question 1 What are the standards of the board? Answer There are fourteen standards of the board laid by Henri Fayol. They are expounded further underneath. Division of work A specific undertaking is separated into a few units or portions, each performed by authorities so as to accomplish effectiveness. We will compose a custom exposition test on Marris Growth Maximization Model or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Authority and obligation coincide Responsibility must be seen appropriately so as to accomplish order in the business by taking the correct choice at the perfect time for the correct reason. Solidarity of order There ought to be single levels of leadership in the authoritative structure which implies one individual should answer to just one supervisor Unity of bearing Managers must be systematic and must approach with a solitary arrangement following the single general way to deal with accomplish objectives Equity Management activities must be a mix of reasonableness, equity and sympathy layered with the possibility of profitability based motivations. Request The whole procedure of profitability must adjust on a discrete framework which oversees on the standards of wanted yield Discipline The executives must expand through the whole levels of leadership the vital of looking after standards, rules and rules to upgrade efficiency and concordance in working environment Initiative The laborers must secure their position fascinating with the goal that they are energetic about learning new obligations, in this manner bringing adequacy. Reasonableness Various modern laws and standards are built up and administered by the individual administrative bodies to guarantee an arrangement of decency, equity, fairness is kept up inside the mechanical just as authoritative condition. Dependability Appropriate tutoring of rules, procedures, and frameworks included; makes cooperation, perfection and improves efficiency. Subsequently a representative will consistently alter oneself as per the dynamic reality. Scalar chain A severe and facilitated exertion of inflow and surge of data from top level to the most minimal degree of hierarchical progressive system makes perfection, survey designs and take care of issues quicker. Subjection of individual enthusiasm to general intrigue Organisation’s intrigue must be organized at all expense since it influence the enthusiasm of numerous partners. Espirit de corps Management must guarantee the presence of camaraderie, amicability and extreme correspondence and exact dispersal of data, trust among the workers. Centralisation and decentralization Authority and force must concentrate and decentralize appropriately despite the fact that decentralization is the pattern these days in different existing worldwide and national associations. Question 2 What are the attributes of driving? Answer The attributes of driving are * Pervasiveness * Continuity * Human factor * Creativity Executive capacity * Delegating capacity Pervasiveness Characteristic of driving is required in all degrees of association. Driving propels all the levels in the association to facilitate with the CEO (pioneer). Progression Leading is a consistent procedure happens all over the place and at whenever in the association. Its significance becomes higher when the association is experiencing a change. Human factor Leading coordinates and controls human factor of un predictability and eccentric nature in to a greater extent a restrained, developed entertainer with respect to satisfaction of rganisational objectives and targets. Inventiveness Differentiated contemplations and thoughts are aggregated and handled through representatives selected from various layers of the general public gets developed innovativeness request to extend development and advancement in the association. Official capacity Leading suggests that the supporters execute the elements of association, which the pioneer and the adherent concur is significant for accomplishing the hierarchical objectives and through it the individual objectives. Designating capacity Delegating is characteristic aftermath of driving. It likewise follows that the pioneer confides in their devotees and the other way around. Common trust is the most significant in driving and designation is to a great extent dependent on that. Question 3 Briefly clarify the four primary ways to deal with authoritative conduct. Answer The primary ways to deal with authoritative conduct are: * Human asset approach * Contingency approach * Productivity approach * Systems approach Human asset approach The association is for the individuals, by the individuals and with individuals. People are the incorporated piece of the association. Consequently development and improvement is just conceivable when human asset are created both inside and remotely. Possibility approach Situation investigation is the essential piece of the social acts of association. Noteworthy examination of every circumstance before activity assists with utilizing all the current information about individuals in the association in the most suitable way. Profitability approach Output per unit input is thought of. In addition, monetary data sources and yields, we have to have human and social information sources and yields in work environment, is the reason of this methodology Systems approach The frameworks see underlines the association of individuals, innovation, and financial structure of association fills in as a reason for co-ordinating exercises to work all in all adequately. Question 4 Explain the five significant administration styles according to the Managerial Grid Theory Answer The Managerial Grid Theory or otherwise called the Blake Mouton Framework expands on the Ohio and Michigan considers and makes a relative position that a pioneer wants to take much of the time and in this way distinguishes their transcendent style. The five significant administration styles are: * Impoverished authority Country club initiative * Produce or die authority * Middle-of-the-street administration * Team administration Impoverished authority It is the most aimless, ungraceful, hesitant, de-roused style of administration. It produces zero innovativeness, colossal disappointment and disharmony among representatives. They have neither a high respect for making frameworks for takin g care of business nor for making a workplace that is fulfilling and persuading (low creation/low individuals) Country club authority It is generally worried about the requirements and sentiments of the individuals from the group. The fundamental goal is fulfilling everybody as opposed to being focussed on the destinations and accomplishing results. An extremely loosened up condition exists yet without heading and control (high individuals/low creation). Create or die administration Leaders accept that adherents are essentially an unfortunate chore. They are commonly severe and totalitarian in nature. They accept visit disciplines can get efficiency and inspiration workers. (high creation/low individuals) Middle of the street administration Leaders settle for normal execution and frequently accept this is the most anybody can anticipate. For this situation, neither creation nor individuals needs are completely met. (medium creation/medium individuals) Team initiative Leaders weight on needs identified with creation, quality and individuals with equivalent significance, since they accept that every one of them are the partners of the association. This makes a group situation dependent on trust, and regard which prompts high fulfillment and inspiration, coming about high creation. (high creation/high individuals) Question 5 List a portion of the regularly discovered perceptual predispositions. Answer The normally discovered perceptual inclinations are as per the following: Fundamental attribution mistake * Self serving predisposition * Selective recognition * Halo impact * Contrasts impacts * Projection * Stereotyping * Primacy(first-impression) impact * Recency impact * Self-satisfying prescience * Pygmalion impact * Golem impact Fundamental attribution blunder Tendency to think little of the impact of outer factors a nd overestimate the inside components Self serving predisposition Tendency of individuals to credit accomplishment to inward factors and inability to outside elements, is known as self-serving one-sided discernment Selective observation Once in a while an individual, or an item or an occasion stands apart from the activity. Defective assessment trails the activity dependent on this specific discernment. Corona impact Previous achievement makes a radiance in our brain with the goal that each time a similar individual, item or occasion returns, desire stays premium about recreating comparative or better result. On the off chance that the outcomes neglect to intrigue we create one-sided decisions and ascribe it to some outside variables rather to acknowledge the ineptitudes. Differentiation impacts. People don't assess an individual in disengagement. There is consistently an inclination of correlation which portrays high differentiation in values and genuine activities of the association, producing different biases. Projection We will in general feel and see that others resemble us, and taking choices on the reason that others need what we need, such discernment is called projection. Generalizing Judging somebody based on our impression of the gathering to which the individual has a place is characterized as generalizing. It streamlines the perplexing scene. Be that as it may, when we incorrectly generalization, different mix-ups and mistaken assumptions cloud the correct recognition. Supremacy impact First impression-enduring impact hypothesis, the propensity to shape enduring feelings about an individual dependent on the underlying discernments. This blunder is commonly discovered conventional meeting meetings. Recency impact When we sum up a progression of activity taken by an individual as of late and choose its viability actually, we see with recency impact. Unavoidable outcome It is a propensity for someone’s assumptions regarding another to make that individual act in a way reliable with those desires. It container of two kinds * Pygmalion impact supervisor has exclusive standards of his representative and thusly reviews him as the topper despite the fact that the realities demonstrate in any case * Golem impact a similar director assesses his top entertainer as third, since his desire from him isn't high in spite of the fact that the realities show otherw

Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing Essay

Hypothesis and Knowledge Development in Nursing - Essay Example Also, the strategies used to apply information can be varied by the comfort and disposition of the circumstances. Nursing is both a calling and an order nursing as field calling is a training and when we consider it as information it is a control. There are various speculations supported by researchers. Hypotheses are unquestionably the foundation of any control and nursing is no exemption here. Here I might want to make a short clarification on the segments of hypothesis. Hypothesis comprises ideas that are inescapable for training direction. Nursing speculations are framed out of ideas, definitions presumptions with or without the assistance of different teaches or got from various specific occurrences; and there are various between connections made between them for anticipating, clarifying and recommending things (Nursing Theories: An Overview). Speculations all around contain ideas, relational words, metaparadigm, methods of reasoning and calculated models. Ideas are happened as a primary concern as thoughts on a marvel. This is a scholarly procedure through instinct. They show and connote thoughts perceptions or encounters. For example, help can be a thought in nursing. Ideas can be valuable in making information on marvels. These ideas likewise are upheld by develops. For the most part ideas are of three sorts; observational, inferential and dynamic. An announcement of connection between two ideas are supposed to be relational words. Auxiliary holarchy of contemporary nursing information incorporate parts like metaparadigm, theoretical models, speculations, and exact markers and their degree of deliberation contrasts; and ideas and recommendations are the essential to clarify a hypothesis (Lesson, 2.1) There are a few hypotheses of nursing utilized by the professionals today; and those speculations are assembled into divisions as indicated by the nature and elements of the hypothesis. Nursing hypotheses can be characterized from various classifications. C ontingent upon its capacity it very well may be isolated into four in particular, descriptic, logical, prescient and point of view. In view of generalisability of their standards they are partitioned into Meta hypothesis and excellent hypothesis. Center range hypothesis and practice hypothesis are the third one dependent on the standards of the control. Looking from the angle of reasoning, it very well may be needs speculations, cooperation hypotheses, result hypotheses and humanistic speculations. In any case, the significant arrangement is into amazing speculations and center range hypotheses. Unmistakable among the speculations today are Orland nursing hypothesis, Newman hypothesis, Parse hypothesis, Peplaun Theory and Watson Theory. There are likewise speculations called acquired, which are embraced from different controls. Stupendous speculations are the most conceptual in nature. Great speculations are instrumental in making nursing as a science. Fabulous speculations are deve loped on ideas and suggestions that are less unique. These hypotheses are hard to be rehearsed in day by day nursing undertakings. Then again center range hypothesis is increasingly concrete. Center range speculations are started from calculated models straightforwardly. Thus, they are a lot of helpful in current nursing practice. Center range hypotheses are of high center level, center level and low center level. 2. The importance of metaparadigm of nursing? A metaparadigm is viewed as the best approach to depict ideas that worry any calling or area. This idea was initially presented in mid 1970’s.

Hartford

Hartford Hartford, city (1990 pop. 139,739), state capital, Hartford co., central Conn., on the west bank of the Connecticut River; settled as Newtown 1635â€"36 on the site of a Dutch trading post (1633; abandoned 1654), inc. 1784. The second largest city in the state, it is a port of entry. Hartford was long world famous as an insurance center. Its insurance business began in 1794, and the area was once home to the headquarters of more than 35 insurance companies. Mergers and downsizing during the late 20th cent., however, greatly lessened the insurance industry's importance. Manufactures include precision instruments, computers, transportation equipment, firearms, and electrical equipment. One of the earliest and strongest colonial centers, Hartford and two other towns formed (1639) the Connecticut Colony, adopting the Fundamental Orders . From 1701 to 1875 it was joint capital with New Haven. It was an important military supply depot during the American Revolution, and in 1814â€"15, it hosted the Hartford Convention . The Hartford Courant, founded in 1764, is one of the country's oldest newspapers. Landmarks include the old statehouse (1796; designed by Charles Bulfinch), where the Hartford Convention met; the site of the Charter Oak ; the capitol (completed 1878; designed by Richard M. Upjohn); and the famous Travelers Insurance tower. Hartford has a noted art museum (the Wadsworth Atheneum), a symphony orchestra, and opera and ballet companies. The Connecticut state library includes the Colt collection of firearms. Other attractions are the Harriet Beecher Stowe House (1871), where Stowe lived from 1873 to 1896, and the Mark Twain House (1873â€"74). Noah Webster, John Fiske, and the elder J. P. Morgan were born in Hartford; the theologian Horace Bushnell, the author Charles Dudley Warner, and the poet Wallace Stevens lived there. The city's many parks include Elizabeth Park, scene of an annual rose festival, and Colt Park. Among Hartford's institutions of higher education are Trinity College, the Univ. of Hartford, Hartford College for Women, and a branch of the Univ. of Connecticut and its schools of law and social work. There is also the American School for the Deaf and the Connecticut Institute for the Blind. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Domestic Violence On Women - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1917 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Domestic Violence Essay Did you like this example? Violence is at crisis levels all over the world. A person is justified when violence using force against another person when that person is reasonably beliefs that the conduct is necessary to defend herself, which results in likely injury, or death to that person. Despite growing evidence of the size of the problem, the is still a shortage of workable solutions to protect the millions of women in different countries worldwide, who are being victimized by instances of domestic violence regardless of social, political and economic status and sometimes because of cultural, religious and social taboos. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Domestic Violence On Women" essay for you Create order According to my research, every year in America between 1.5 and 3.6 million women are raped or physically assaulted by an intimate partner and there are many of them that go unreported. According of this research, domestic violence is considerate same as rape, physical threat to the victim and partners. This include both same and opposite sex couples; however , I will focus more on opposite sex couples, as domestic violence that has its own unique complexities and attributes of further study (McCue, 2008). Domestic violence: The dark Truth of Our Society (Anil Malik,2013) he maintains theres a lot of forms in domestic violence that maintain control over the victim. Physical abuse involves intimidation, pain, injury, or other that cause physical suffering or bodily harm. Sexual violence also one of the most common that occurs within physical or emotionally abusive where the victim tries to avoid any other type of sexual activity to which one does not willingly agree. According to domestic force being cultural orientation, theres no institution sanctions force against females, but there exist some sacred words that have been brought out of discourse to support discrim ination against women within community. Even though, domestic violence can be part of any kind of relationship, the great aspect mention that partner abuse is connected to the prior engaging in a way to observed behavior, an individual might has. As my opinion; spouse abuse, wife fighting, and partner battering were applied, but have declined in popularity because of attempts to include divorced spouses, abuse other than personal, female perpetrators, and same sex relationships. Domestic violence is now usually set broadly to consider all acts of personal sexual, mental or economic force that may be trusted by the family member or intimate partner. Majority of relationships was characterized by domestic violence experience that have been referred to the cycle of violence. The cycle of violence is different for all victims during the violence, but there is evidence that the violence can be increases in most terms. Victims become so accustomed to the cycle that based on the behavior of their partner, they can usually anticipate when their batterer will become abusive. The first stage, the tension-building state, is a time that can be characterized by extremely high stress. The batterer may vent this increased tension by taking it out on objects or by acting aggressively in other ways, and it is common for the batterer to act overly jealous of his partner and attempt to isolate the partner from family and friends more than normal. While this is happening, many victims feel like they are walking on eggshells and they try to do anything they can to stop their batterer from becoming physically abusive. Additionally, there is wide agreement that females are more frequently subjected to serious kinds of mistreatment and are more expected to remain hurt by an abusive partner, and this exacerbated by economic or social dependence. That woman fight for what she believes in even thought is sometimes become illegal to some part of the United States by a 19th century. Although, those women still continue to do so, despite that domestic violence over women become more intense than men. As domestic violence around the wide world, young child and women are the most people that being affected by the domestic violence. These cases of marriages exist associated with aggression both in respect to that spousal aggression committed internal family, and at respect to this force associated with the customs and traditions of these marriages: Violence and trafficking related to the payment of dowry and bride price, honor killings for refusing the marriage. In some cultures, family imposes a societal responsibility for women to multiply. In Haiti, for instance: womens essential to have baby by the partner, and those women who carry the child especially when they have approval of their family members. Who includes forced marriage, cohabitation, and maternity including wife attribute within its explanation of intimate aggression. As we have a lot of domestic cases in Haiti, it is important that we understand how these cases are affecting our society. We cannot let go of the fact that theres a lot of people whose living in Haiti who doesnt have no clue on what to do with their lives. This is why we need to be more knowledgeable of the ways in which these incidents happen. And if we cannot stop them from doing so then it will lead them to more crime and violence. For example, about a woman who has been raped by her partner, or somebody else; sometimes need to be able to get away with it. Every year, theres a lot of men that have been victimized by other individual as a woman who become a victim by the partner or a member of the family. But by the violence over women will be analyzed. While it was worthy by the abuse, therewas a lot of research can be done over the domestic violence women around the world are endured on the hand of the partner; although, theres a lot of domestic violence against men. Surrounding by the cultural African American women that have been assaulted by the partner that can lead them to premature. As native American and Alaska native community, less percentage female become homicide victims by family members or their partner than other cultures. It was important for every culture to teach the victims of domestic violence how to stand together so they can avoid more death because theres a lot of them that refused to stand up for themselves, they might think it will be embarrassed to mention something like that in front of other individual that doesnt know the purpose behind the suffering that been going for years in their lifetime. It is best if each can lift each other in a way to get away from domestic violence. Domestic violence becomes so much higher especially by the surrounding families that actually have a low poverty levels. However, domestic violence actually equally in urban, suburban, and rural areas. The domestic violence movement, also referred to as the battered womens movement, has a long history, although it picked up steam with the advent of the feminist movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. The services have been increased over the past three years, and as September 2007, theres a total of thousands of domestic violence programs that were available all over the United States that called: National Center for Victims of Crime, 2008. And 2012; in addition, more than 1 million people are affected by domestic violence every year- including more than 2 million children who are abused or neglected. Domestic violence is the most common group experience of domestic abuse, and it can lead injury or death to someones life. According to the centers for Medicaid and child welfare reform, about half of all. Domestic violence can cause each partner to kill likely to have control over a relationship through suffering physical, sexual, or psychological-emotional abusive, can have result in the partners physical or emotional trauma to the victim. The other forms of domestic violence include stalking and dating violence. Other terms used for domestic violence include intimate partner violence, domestic abuse, and family violence. Many victim advocates suspect that the majority of violence committed by women in abusive relationships takes place for purposes of self-defense against an abusive male partner. In many states, the law simply overlooks victims of dating violence when it comes to protection. The National violence against women survey indicates that 1 in every 4 women will experienc e domestic violence in her lifetime. Traditionally, the studies were mostly associated with physical violence that discussed the different forms of dating someone who is violence, these studies very rarely also inquire as to the context in which this violence occurs. As an early research on adolescent whose dating someones violence that females were more likely to be more victimized than males. Some studies have reported similar dating violence victimization rates for males and females. Today, stalking is considered to be an example of abusive behavior within the framework of domestic violence because the dangers that victims face frequently continue even after they leave an abusive relationship. Research has indicated that many victims of domestic violence have experienced stalking behavior from a current or former intimate partner. These incursions might be increase in all acts that has a stalker that tries to be more control over the victim partner, sometimes in response to the loss of control he or she experienced at the end of the relationship. Survivors of domestic violence describe a brainwashing that occurs, which is difficult to quantify in empirical studies. As Weiss in year 2000 has describes his interviews that he had with women on how they mentioned how the action of abusive happened so progressively that they almost did not realize it. They describe abusers who picked at their self-worth by making off-hand comments about their food intake, or their merit as a wife or a girlfriend, most being careful to temper these remarks by saying they were only looking out for their partners well-being. Eventually the women begin to believe that their partners must be right in their critiques- after all, he was only looking out for their best interests. Gordons findings, that some of the most utilized resources, like the criminal startling. Gordon also points out that women in the 12 studies were ones who were not under such strict control that they did not have the opportunity to respond to surveys, which lends support to the point that there is an important population of women out there that is not being heard (Walker, and Conte para. 5-6). More research should be done which community resources that can help people with sexual violence and abuse. The U.S. population fund saw violence against females and daughters to remain one of the most predominant human rights violations worldwide, saying that one at three females can have physical or sexual abuse in her lifetime. Aggression against females tends to be less dominant in developed western countries, and more normalized in this evolving world. In 2013, the reports reviewed that five continents between the nations gender difference of domestic violence that happened around the globe. They also said if one examines who is physically harmed and how badly, conveys more concern, and experiences resulting mental issues, national violence is significantly gendered toward females as victims. (Walker, and Conte) Domestic violence is one of the most horrendous kinds of abuse suffered women in our society today. This analysis takes a client-oriented approach to family violence interventions, which means that we focus on how existing services in health, social services, and law enforcement settings affect the individuals who come in contact with them. Finally, primary prevention strategies with children should be universally delivered and facilitate children to become critical of gender norms and violence-supportive attitudes, and equip them with the skills to form healthy and respectful relationship in adulthood.

Rituals of Transition Is Our Right of Passage Through Life...

Rituals of transition exist in every culture passed down from generation to generation; seemingly, through time man has had a need to use rites to associate inductions into new phases of life. A Rite of Passage is â€Å"a ritual that marks an important stage in an individual’s life cycle, such as birth, marriage, and death.† (1) Daniel G. Scott of the University of Victoria, British Columbia has stated, â€Å"the rite of passage, known as initiation or coming of age, was the central cultural form for the education and nurturance of humans from childhood into adult life using a process that clarified and affirmed new roles and status in the adult community.†( 2) French Anthropologist Arnold van Gennep created the phrase ‘Rite of Passage’ to explain†¦show more content†¦ix)† (4) Ceremonial rituals are found in all societies to mark the crossing of an individual or group to a new status or position in the community in which they live. Celebrations of these events are marked with everything from great jubilee to subdued acknowledgement of the journey. Rites of passage are compartmentalized into three different stages by as indicated by Van Gennep. These phases are pre-liminary, liminary, and post-liminary from the Latin word limen, meaning entrance or threshold. The initiate, is in the state of change or Liminality, showing humility and obedience by following conduct and dress as prescribed by those around.. Each of the acts in the ritual is representative of the transitional life crisis being faced by the one who has chosen to have these rights bestowed upon them whether by their choosing or not. With completio n of each of these three ceremonies, the individual has entered a new life and gained new status within the perspective community. (van Gennep, 1960) The pre-liminary phase is one of separation,† the ritual removal of the individual from society†.(5). The initiate, often times, is physically removed and separated from the group symbolizing the removal from society the individual’s former life. During this segregation many times members of the community, often the women, feign sadness and resist the separation of the men from them. This is the first step of the crossing over from one life to a new one. InShow MoreRelatedRites of Passage: The Journey to Adulthood1126 Words   |  5 PagesRites of Passage: The Journey to Adulthood The dictionary defines rites of passage as ceremonies that mark important transitional periods in a person’s life. It usually involves rituals and teachings that help shed their old roles and prepares them for their new roles. Although all boys and girls will go through a rite of passage to be considered an adult, the path they will take will differ greatly. The common point I have found them all to have is the age range at which this usually occursRead MoreAge Rituals For Females : The Bat Mitzvah, The Quinceanera, And The Sunrise Ceremony1422 Words   |  6 Pagesafter so many birthdays, a child has reached the coming of age and is celebrated through some type of ritual. I quote the coming of age because it is practiced differently from culture to culture. However, the underlying similarity is that it marks the time in which a child has reached a milestone in life that a society now views them as an adult. For this paper, I will investigate three coming of age rituals for females: the Bat Mitzvah, the Quinceanera, and the Sunrise Ceremony. To begin,Read MoreThe Rites Of Passage By Arnold Van Gennep1554 Words   |  7 Pagesand give meanings to the different parts of the journey. Through this transition, we will find that many of the societal roles of those who take on the journey are suspended. Particularly, Van Gennep discusses the 3 rites of passage using territorial passages to explain how the journey from one sphere or domain to another is joined by various formalities. The 3 rites of passage are pre-liminal (rites of separation), liminal (rites of transition), and postliminal (rites of incorporation). Turner furthersRead MoreThe Film Catch Me If You Can Promotes The Idea That Rituals1286 Words   |  6 Pagesthis essay, I will discuss how the film Catch me if you can promotes the idea that rituals have several meanings and hidden messages within them. I will support this statement using, Arnold van Gennep’s rights of passage theory, Maurice Bloch’s ritual and communication theory, John Beattieâ₠¬â„¢s instrumental act and expressive element theory, Harvey Whithouse’s theory on the relationship between the repetition of rituals and cognitive psychological approaches as well as, Malory Nye’s theories of religionRead MoreThe Death Of The Marine Corps1307 Words   |  6 Pagesrite of passage to entering adulthood. I did not join the Marine Corps right out of high school. It was about two years after high school and living on my own when I decided to join the military, however the rites of passage was often used in the military as a way to signify that individuals are now a men for joining the Marines. What makes these two examples not qualify as rites of passage is due to the fact that they were not sudden events. These events were more of a longer transition. 2. OneRead MoreRumspringa- the Amish Ritual2232 Words   |  9 PagesRumspringa: An Amish Ritual Introduction: In the Amish religion, there lies a pivotal tradition for many of its adolescent followers. There are a number of Americans whom are likely to have never heard of this rite; as it is practiced by a small demographic, consisting of roughly 200,000 people . Their tradition, referred to as the Pennsylvania-German term Rumspringa, can best be explained by the words translation. With rum-, translating in English to around, and -schpringe, meaning toRead MoreRites Of Passage Of The Native Societies2492 Words   |  10 Pagesof the transitional mark of adolescence to manhood. Rites of passage in some cultures are significant in which males are recognized as men after undergoing certain procedures and are conveyed differently; thus it helps them identify who they are in their family and their positions in their societies, as well as what the corresponding responsibilities are. Throughout the human history, there have been a diversity of male initiation rituals from different places in the world that although most of themRead MoreThe Struggle Of The African People1432 Words   |  6 Pagesit is our duty, at the very least to learn as much as we can from them. In efforts to learn from him as it is our duty, this essay will delve into the life, legacy and historical impact of Nelson Mandela. Nelson Mandela born as Rolihlahla Mandela on July 18, 1918 in a village called Mvezo in Transkei, South Africa. His influence in government began as early as infancy considering his father served as a counselor to tribal chiefs. As a child, Nelson expressed male right-of-passages through playRead MoreGrief, Bereavement And Mourning1491 Words   |  6 PagesWhen a person encounters death, they go through a normal process called grieving. It is a natural part of being human. Grieving in our own way can help us come to terms with, and accept, death. The following are common terms associated with grieving: Bereavement is what a person goes through when someone close to them dies. It is viewed as a state of having suffered a loss. Mourning is a person’s outward expression of loss and grief. It usually includes rituals and other actions specific to each person’sRead MoreAre Religious Beliefs and Practices Changing to Reflect a New Era of Diversity and Choice?1734 Words   |  7 Pagestypical pattern in Britain and northern Europe. In these societies people still use the church for rites of passage, rituals that make a change of status such as baptisms, weddings and funerals. Similarly Bibby’s findings show that only 25% attended church but 80% said they have religious beliefs, identified positively with religious traditions and turned to religious for rites of passage. Although they rarely went to church, they continued to be interested in the supernatural. This shows that people

Linear and staff management Free Essays

Managers have different titles in various organizations. No matter what the label is, there is a difference in authority between line and staff management. There are two basic kinds of management positions: line and staff. We will write a custom essay sample on Linear and staff management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Linear Management Staff Management 1 . The most common of all formal relationships in organizations today is the supervisor-subordinate one. This line or operational supervisor, whatever his title, has the power and authority to direct the actions of the subordinate who is accountable for carrying out certain duties. . The supervisor might use any one or combination of many management styles in working with his staff, but he will see that there are results. It’s those results that produce revenue, whether it’s profit from a business or non-profit grants from the government. 1. The staff manager or supervisor is in a position that supports line management. He is usually a specialist of some kind. Examples are the manager of the IT department, and the director of HR. 2. Managers in these positions do not have the authority to tell the line staff how to do the work for which the organization exist. Instead, the taff manager or supervisor is responsible for making sure all the supports are in place so the line staff are hired, trained, equipped and supported while they carry out the actual operations. 3. Staff management authority is very different from line management authority. While the line manager makes sure that there is revenue, the staff manager often has to spend that money to support further operations. This can lead to tensions in the workplace, especially when there is no clear understanding of the difference in the authority of the positions. Relationship Between Line and Staff Management ere are four ways of looking at the relationship a staff manager has with a line manager. Prescribe. To do this, a staff manager can prescribe certain procedures in his specialist area. For example, he can develop and implement recruiting policies and procedures that are used across the organization. The line manager is expected to follow those organizational procedures unless he has a solid rationale for within his specialization. For example, a line manager might propose that two of his staff attend certain management courses. The staff manager of the training section can concur with or veto this proposal as it is within his specialty. Be heard. A staff manager has the right, the authority, to participate in the discussions, if not the decision-making, pertaining to his specialty. For example, the manage in HR maybe not have a veto vote on a new recruit, but he does have the right to voice his opinion on the suitability of the candidate. Be informed. This function authorizes the staff manager to be informed within certain areas of activity. A common example of this is the position of director of finance. An operations, line manager has full authority to spend funds as he pleases within his budget, but he is required to keep the director of finance informed. How to cite Linear and staff management, Papers

Issues for It Security Personnel-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Issues for It Security Personnel. Answer: Ethics is an area of study that deals with moral principles. These principles are what determine the morally upright thing to do or action to take when faced with a certain difficulty or dilemma (Himma Tavani, 2008). The information technology industry and specifically issues dealing with IT security involve a lot of ethical factors. It goes without saying that in trying to protect a company from external threats there are various ethical factors that professionals face such as not selling the information of one of their clients to another. In this paper we shall focus on the ethical issues that come up when a client asks you to save money by cutting out some security measures which you recommended based on your analysis of the clients security needs. The client here is of the opinion that saving money by cutting out some key security measures supersedes the need for having these security measures in place. The security needs show that sensitive information will be at risk if these security measures are not implemented. The two main ethical issues that are associated with the case study are security and increased pressure on IT professionals. Security in our case is such that the client wants to cut cost by foregoing implementation of the recommended security measures you gave them (Moore, 2005). The pressure on the IT professional is such that they have done a lot of work in defining the security loopholes then the client asks them to ignore them. The IT professional knows that the recommended security measures are necessary to keep the system secure. It is not ethical when the client requests the IT professional to implement a less secure network. This is because they want to save money so that they cannot use it in securing their company IT systems. If there is a security breach because the client does not wish to implement the recommended measures they might lose a lot of money and credibility as compared to the amount in which they are trying to save. The reputation of the IT professional is al so at risk because other clients and people might think that his or her services are not good because even after performing a security audit their client was still breached. Unless the IT professional went explaining to every potential client the mistake of their previous client then their reputation is in bad shape and they might miss out on many other future business ventures since no one has confidence in them (Spinello Tavani, 2004). After explaining to the client that sensitive information will be at risk if they do not implement the recommended security measures the client is still of the opinion that their company being targeted is very rare and therefore they do not think the security measures are a priority. As an IT professional I would not configure the network in a less secure manner. This is because it is better to do a thorough job especially in IT rather than a mediocre job. If a security breach occurs it will not be the client who suffers but also the services and reputation of the IT professional will be in question. I do not think it is ethical to eat the cost and install the extra security measures at no cost to the client. It might be a noble thing to do but one major drawback is that other companies might try to implement this strategy when engaging your services (Tavani, 2004). In such a case they will take advantage of you and you will always be at a loss since the company will continue making money and you will not have been paid for your services. Ethics is a major part of life and business. It is the same in such a case because if ethics was upheld the client would not try to compromise the reputation of the IT professional (Luciano, 2010). They would simply bear the problem on their own. If I was the IT professional tasked with this job I would not do what the client wishes so that they may be able to cut on cost. I would explain that the amount of losses they would have to incur if there were breaches would be far much more compared to the cost they were trying to save. As an ethical IT professional it is better that the client is disappointed with you not being able to fulfill their request (Terrell, 2014). They might not like your decision but in the long run they will respect you for giving them the best advice even if it is not what they wanted to hear. References Himma K. E. Tavani H. T. (2008). The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Luciano F. (2010). Information Ethics. The Cambridge Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77-100. Moore A. D. (2005). Information Ethics: Privacy, Property and Power. University of Washington Press. Spinello R. A. Tavani H. T. (2004). Readings in Cyberethics. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Tavani H. T. (2004). Ethics Technology: Ethical Issues in an Age of Information and Communication Technology. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Terrell B. (2014). Computer Ethics: Basic Concepts and Historical Overview. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Center for the Study of Language and

Young Goodman Brown Symbolism Essays - Young Goodman Brown

Young Goodman Brown Symbolism Nathaniel Hawthorne's work is typically fraught with symbolism, much of it deriving from his puritan ancestry. Not surprisingly, Hawthorne was obsessed with the themes of sin and guilt. John Roth notes that ?A number of recurring thematic patterns and character types appear in Hawthorne's novels and tales? (Roth 76). Because he is speaking of what we would later come to call the unconscious, Hawthorne extensively employed the use of symbolism, which bypasses the conscious to tap into its more dream- like process below (Roth 76). In his short story ?Young Goodman Brown,? the main character Goodman Brown goes off into the woods and undergoes what will be a life changing experience. ?Young Goodman Brown,? was written in the nineteenth century but is undoubtedly set in the seventeenth century, and for the early Americans in this time period the forest was a symbol of the test of strength, courage, and endurance. It took a lot of courage to survive there, and the young person entering the forest would not emerge the same. But the story is more symbolic than realistic, and the dangers that Goodman Brown encounters in the forest are not Indians or bears; they are dangers of the spirit. It is no accident that such an experience should have taken place in the forest, because there is a long and extremely profound tradition in American literature where experiences of this nature haven taken place in forest settings. Psychologist Bruno Betelheim observes that ?Since ancient times the near impenetrable forest in which we get lost has symbolized the dark, hidden near-impenetrable world of our unconscious? (Betelheim, 94). However, this does not appear in ?Young Goodman Brown.? Instead of bravely battling down the dangers of the forest and emerging a more mature person, Goodman Brown emerges a ruined man. It should not go unrecognized that Goodman Brown's wife, a light hearted, genuine woman, has the name Faith. Faith is not by any means an unusual name for a woman, especially in puritan times, but it becomes significant in the story because she is presented to us first as a very young bride with pink ribbons in her hair, almost like a child. Her pink ribbons symbolize her youth, and her name symbolizes her husband's childlike spirituality at the beginning of the story. Christianity historically has been a religion of obedience and devotion much more than one of logic, as much as the framers of the age of reason would try to argue otherwise. When the story opens, we see Faith characterized by childlike confidence and purity, which can be contrasted with ?the man with the snake-like staff,? who attempts to persuade Goodman Brown by ?reasoning as we go? (Hawthorne 106). Faith does not attempt to dissuade her husband out of his intentions through reason, but through affection; with ?her lips? close to his ear,? she asks Goodman Brown not to go into the forest on his mysterious errand (Hawthorne, 108). But we are left to wonder what his errand is. Hawhtorne never tells us, but clearly Goodman Brown has planned for whatever it is. He knows that the point of the journey is less than beneficial, because he feels guilty about leaving his wife on ?such an errand? (Hawthorne, 108). Terence Martin speculated that ?Goodman Brown's Journey into the forest is best defined as a kind of general, indeterminate allegory, representing man's irrational drive to leave his Faith, home, and security temporarily behind, for an unknown reason, to take a chance with one or more errands onto the wilder shores of experience? (Martin, 92). Q.D. Observes that the ?theme of the story is simply going to the devil for reasons such as lust, certainly, but more for knowledge? (Lang, 91). Goodman Brown also seems to know whom he is going to meet there, because when he meets the man with the snake-like staff, he is startled by the ?sudden appearance of his companion? who was nonetheless ?not totally expected? (Hawthorne, 109). Snakes of course signify the devil, and if this individual was not the devil himself, he is certainly a representative of him. His staff is later described as twisted as well. What is here are all the elements of the quest story: the journey into an uncharted and dangerous realm, symbolizing the unconscious, and, shortly after the journey begins, the meeting with the guide who knows this forbidden and mysterious territory well (Martin 100). However, at this point the story veers significantly away from its traditional path. Goodman Brown announces that he does not want to go

Ever Since and Every Sense of the Word

Ever Since and Every Sense of the Word Ever Since and Every Sense of the Word Ever Since and Every Sense of the Word By Maeve Maddox Many misspellings are the result of mispronunciation. The first time I saw the expression â€Å"ever since† written as â€Å"ever sense,† I assumed that it had been written by the speaker of a regional dialect. For example, where I live, it’s often impossible to tell if someone is asking to borrow a pen or a pin. Since is an adverb. The expression â€Å"ever since† means, â€Å"from that time until now.† For example, â€Å"He was elected in 1983 and has served in the Senate ever since.† Sense is used as both noun and verb: The sense of sight is perhaps the most treasured of the five senses. (noun) Do you sense the excitement in the room? (verb) When I started searching the Web for examples of the â€Å"ever sense† error, I was surprised to find them all over the map. Of course, there’s no way to tell if a writer grew up in the American South, but I did find examples of sense for since on sites originating outside the South–in Utah, Michigan, and even in the United Kingdom. And not just on blogs or in forums, but on professional sites as well. Here are some of my gleanings: Ever sense the update, my iPhone 4S will randomly shut off at least once a day. Let’s assume for the sake of argument that this was the only bad thing [he’s] ever done in his life and he’s behaved perfectly ever sense. Ever sense the Maryland Senate elections, I’ve wondered He started mock elections in Payson and has been doing it ever sense. They have been talking about term limits ever sense term limits was made [a] word about 100 years ago. The resultant settlement has commanded broad consensual support ever sense. This example from a site offering research papers for sale uses the word since correctly in the same sentence as the error: .has been present since the 1950s and has only been growing ever sense. In the course of tracking this misuse of sense in the expression â€Å"ever since,† I encountered numerous examples of the misuse of ever in the idiom â€Å"in every sense of the word.† In â€Å"every sense of the word,† every is an adjective describing the noun sense. â€Å"In every sense of the word† means â€Å"in all the ways this word may be defined.† Ever is an adverb. The phrase â€Å"ever sense of the word† is meaningless, but that doesn’t stop it from being widely used: A real Palace in ever sense of the word Excellent in ever sense of the word! [The game] Ihan Crystal is flawed, in ever sense of the word. 2012 was a disaster in ever sense of the word. I mean big in ever sense of the word you can come up with. I am an optimist in ever sense of the word. Like the Elephant’s Child, I’m a little warm (in every sense of the word), but not at all astonished. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?26 Feels of Insufficient Hyphenation

Hypothesis Identification Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hypothesis Identification Analysis - Essay Example he independent variable was chosen by the researcher because the increase in the abuse of cigarettes and tobacco can be attributed to the marketing strategies of tobacco companies. Joint sponsorships between alcohol and tobacco companies contributed to the increased numbers of people using cigarettes and alcohol products at the same time. The promotion event targeted sporting events where the youth had interest in such as auto racing soccer and golf. Other events such as bar and night club events have been sponsored by the tobacco and alcohol companies to influence more people to use their products. The promotion programs are aimed at exposing the tobacco and alcohol products to the young adult potential smokers so that the companies can improve on their sales and profit margin (Jiang & Ling, 2011). The hypothesis statement was used to determine whether the increase in alcohol and cigarette abuse among young adults is due to marketing strategies of the tobacco and alcohol companies. The study found out that tobacco companies were able to offer discounted or free alcohol at Tobacco Company sponsored bar nights. The discounted or free alcohol is aimed at introducing more young adults into the usage of alcohol and tobacco products. For instance, the study found out that Marlboro promotional strategies were aimed at offering free beer to the young adults who bought their cigarette products so as to generate excitement and please the participants (Jiang & Ling, 2011). The hypothesis was accepted since the promotional and marketing strategies of the tobacco and alcohol companies were aimed at introducing more young adults into the usage of their products. The implications of the study are that tobacco and alcohol companies are contributing to the increasing deaths of young adults in the United States. Their marketing strategies only lead to more young people abusing tobacco and alcohol products. Tobacco and alcohol companies are only concerned with the sales they

The Equality Act 2006 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Equality Act 2006 - Essay Example They are aimed at making the most of the talent in the workforce – rather than excluding or marginalizing sectors of the workforce, which was happening universally prior to government intervention in the 1970s and since: â€Å"The general duty places a proactive responsibility upon all public bodies to ensure that their services, practices and policies are developed with the different needs of women and men in mind. This will lead to a more inclusive society with high quality contemporary services - targeted to meet the specific needs of men and women.†2 Interestingly, this Act has already brought legal challenges. On 21 March 2007 the House of Lords refused to remove the Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007, which came into force on 30 April. Catholic adoption agencies had routinely refused to place children with gay couples. The government gave the Catholic adoption agencies an additional 21 months to prepare, but as Baroness Andrews told the House: â₠¬Å"At present there are 116 separate pieces of equality legislation in force - 35 Acts, 52 statutory instruments, 13 codes of practice, and 16 European Commission directives and recommendations. They come with 2,500 pages of guidance.†3 It is expected that a forthcoming European Union Directive will require further legislation that will seek to provide redress for those discriminated against in the provision of goods and services on the grounds of gender reassignment. "Even the most well-intentioned businesses, and there are an awful lot of them, dont know when theyve complied [with the existing laws]. Its almost impossible unless you have vast armies of bureaucrats." 4 Mr Phillips alleged that many businesses resented the waste of time and money involved in being taken to an Employment Tribunal.

The Legitimacy Theory And CSR Disclosure Accounting Essay

The Legitimacy Theory And CSR Disclosure Accounting Essay The issue of corporate social responsibility has got a lot of attention in the business and political world since the early 1990s and the major reason behind this was corporate scandals. Organizations had started to realize that the basis on which they were achieving economic growth was unsustainable and hence there was a need to develop a process which would intend at balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability and societal expectations. In fact the origin of corporate social responsibility can be found in the 1950s and 60s whereby successful companies were trying to link corporate social responsibility to the power that business holds in society. The theoretical progresses were subdivided in ethical and accountability and the stakeholder approach to strategic management. CSR can be distinguished from the three terms which are included in its designation phrase and these words are; Corporate, social and responsibility. Hence CSR can be explained as being the responsibilities that a company undertakes for the society within which it carry out its operations. To be specific, CSR require a business to identify its stakeholders and include their needs and values in the tactical day to day decision making process of the company. Consequently the society within which a business function and which identify the number of stakeholder to which the organization owe a responsibility can be broad depending on the type industry within which it operate. The different stakeholders to which a company is accountable can be illustrated using the figure below: http://www.industryplayer.com/images/corporate_social_responsibility.jpg Figure 1: stakeholder of a business According to figure 1, a business must respond to two aspects which evolve during their operating process and these are: The quality of management which is represented by the inner cycle and it is both in terms of people and processes. The nature of and the extent to which their processes impact on the society in various areas. The stakeholders who are outside take more interest in the activities undertaken by the company, i.e. most of them look at what has the company actually done. Their objective is to fid out if the company has done good or bad in terms of its product and services, the treatment it gives it its labour force and in terms of the impact of its activities on the environment and local communities. There seems to be an infinite number of definitions of CSR, ranging from the simplistic to the complex, and a range of associated terms and ideas including `corporate sustainability, corporate citizenship, corporate social investment, the triple bottom line, socially responsible investment, business sustainability and corporate governance. It has been suggested that `some researchers distort the definition of corporate social responsibility or performance so much that the concept becomes morally unintelligent, conceptually meaningless, and utterly unrecognizable'(Orlitzky 2005); or CSR may be regarded as `the universal remedy which can solve several social evil such as the global poverty gap, social exclusion and environmental degradation (Van Marrewijk 2003). Some definitions of CSR which are commonly accepted are: The notion of companies looking beyond profits to their role in society is generally termed corporate social responsibility (CSR)..It refers to a company linking itself with ethical values, transparency, employee relations, compliance with legal requirements and overall respect for the communities in which they operate. It goes beyond the occasional community service action, however, as CSR is a corporate philosophy that drives strategic decision-making, partner selection, hiring practices and, ultimately, brand development.  [1]   South China Morning Post, 2002 The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time.  [2]   Archie B. Carroll, 1979 CSR is about businesses and other organizations going beyond the legal obligations to manage the impact they have on the environment and society. In particular, this could include how organizations interact with their employees, suppliers, customers and the communities in which they operate, as well as the extent they attempt to protect the environment.  [3]   The Institute of Directors, UK, 2002 Why is CSR relevant today? CSR has become famous in the language and strategy of business and by the growth of dedicated CSR organizations globally. Governments and international governmental organizations are increasingly encouraging CSR. CSR is rapidly becoming a major part of all business management courses and a key global issue because of three trends which are easily identifiable: 1. Changing expectations of the society Following recent corporate scandals which have lead to the decrease in the trust that the public has on regulatory bodies and companies to control corporate excess, customers and the general public tend to expect more from the company with which they trade. 2. Rising affluence This is true not only in developed countries but also in developing countries. Rich customers have enough money to select the product they want to buy and as the society need work and inward investment will not impose severe rules which will penalize companies which invest their money elsewhere. In other words if a company is investing its money in CSR activities and for this reasons its product become more costly, the affluent consumers will not punish the organization and they will buy its product. 3. Globalization Nowadays the least mistake made by companies is instantly make known to the public via the media. On top of that, increasing internet communication between people having the same opinion and the consumers, authorize them to spread their message and giving them the opportunity to take collective action that is they can boycott a product. In other words if a company is taking actions which is against the environment and the society, the public may takes action against the business. According to these three trends, more importance is given to brand which lead to the success of companies and thus there is a shift in the relationship between companies and customers whereby the latter are better informed and feel more powerful to put their belief into action. From the standpoint of businesses, the parameters within which they operate are more and more affected by bottom-up, working class campaigns, NGOs and consumer activists leading to a change in the relationship between consumers and the company. CSR is becoming more and more important in our fast developing world as brands are built on perceptions and concepts which appear to have higher values. Theoretical Frameworks and CSR Disclosure The Legitimacy Theory While there is no generally accepted theory for explaining CSR disclosure practices, recent research in the CSR literature has primarily relied on legitimacy theory (Deegan 2002, p. 285). Indeed, it is probable that legitimacy theory is the most widely used theory to explain environmental and social disclosures (Campbell, Craven and Shrives, 2003, p. 559) while, according to Gray, Kouhy and Lavers (1995), legitimacy theory has an advantage over other theories in that it provides disclosing strategies that organisations may adopt to legitimate their existence that may be empirically tested. The Legitimacy theory, according to Ness Mirza (1991), argues that the voluntary disclosure of social responsibility information can be perceived as a strategy to reduce political costs. Social theory reporting has been explained from a Legitimacy Theory perspective LT has been considered as widely accepted theory to shed light on social reporting practices of a firm. It states that firms will take actions to ensure that their operations are obvious to be legitimate from the point of view of the society within which the organization is assumed to operate. That is, they will attempt to establish resemblance between social values associated with or indirect by their activities and the norms of acceptable behavior in the larger social system of which they are part. Legitimacy Theory specifies a social contract between the organisation and society. Legitimacy is defined by Lindblom (1992) as: a condition or status which exists when an entitys value system is congruent with the value system of the larger social system of which the social system of which the entity is a part. When a disparity, actual or potential, exists between the two value systems, there is a threat to the entitys legitimacy. Hence, Legitimacy Theory implies that managers will not undertake any actions that will be considered as illegitimate in society. By engaging in social reporting, they tend to enhance the relevance of the financial statement as well as that of earnings by making people to believe in the reliability of what is being reported in the financial statements and by providing additional information on issues other than earnings and financial information. This may however redirect the interest of users away from the earnings figure. Institutional theorists (e.g Fogarty, 1992) observe that organizations need to respond to social expectations. Public expectations have undergone significant changes in the last decades such that profit maximization is not the sole measure of performance expected from the economic entity. There are a lot of implicit and explicit expectations from society vis-a-vis the operations of the organization. According to Heard Bolce (1981), with sensitive societal expectations, it is anticipated that successful businesses will react to attend to human, environmental and other social consequences of their activities. In spite of being unregulated, social and green reporting has increased in annual reports of organizations. Empirical tests of the Legitimacy Theory by Hogner (1982) revealed that the extent of social disclosures in the annual reports varied in response to societys expectations of corporate behavior. Deegan Rankin (1996) found that prosecuted firms for environmental charges increased their green reporting while Gray, Kouhy Lavers (1995) found that firms use corporate social reporting to fill the legitimacy gap. It is assumed that the economic entity will have the legitimate right to continue to operate in society to the extent that it fulfils the societal expectations. Otherwise, there will be a breach in the social contract between the entity and the society, and sanctions, such as fines, legal actions, and a fall in the demand of its product, will be taken. Society may revoke the organizations licence to operate or contract to continue its operations, for instance. Under Legitimacy Theory, not only the rights of investors are considered, but a much bigger picture of the public at large is considered. Furthermore, it is also expected that the organisation for its survival will have to adapt to the changing expectations of society. Downling Pfeffer (1975) refer to communication strategies, that the entity can use in order to legitimate or maintain the legitimacy of its activities. Reference is made to the public disclosure of information, in annual reports, for instance, to let the public know and educate them about the actions and performance of the firm and hence the manipulation of societys expectations, is made. In the same vein, they argue that one of the functions of annual reports would be to legitimate the existence of the organisation. Therefore, Legitimacy Theory proposes a relationship between corporate disclosures and societal expectations, as evidenced by a lot of research (Deegan Ratkin (1996); Gray,Kouhy Lavers). Stakeholder Theory Stakeholder theory (Gray, Kouhy Lavers 1995b, p. 53) state that the corporations continued existence requires the support of the stakeholders and their consent are required and hence the activities of the business are adjusted according to that approval. The more powerful the stakeholders, the more the company must adapt. Social disclosure is thus seen as part of the dialogue between the company and its stakeholders. Within the Stakeholders point of view, the success of a business depends on its capacity to balance the differing demands of its various stakeholders. The definition of stakeholder has altered considerably over the past four decades. At one end of the range the shareholder was believe the sole or principal stakeholder. This definition was based on arguments proposed by the Noble prize winner, Mr. Milton Friedmans view. According to him, the sole moral responsibility of a business is to maximize profits. Freeman (1983), however, expands the definition of stakeholder to include a broader selection of constituents including opposing groups such as interest groups and regulators. He defines stakeholders as any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organisations objectives. Stakeholder Theory states that managers ought to serve the interests of all those who have a stake in the firm. Stakeholders include shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers and the communities in which the firm operates a collection which Freeman terms the Big Five. Therefore, all groups in an area in which the firm operates and all individuals in such area are stakeholders. Given that CSR reporting is attempted to underline how the company relates to society in the course of its different social activities, the stakeholder theory can be seen as a guideline which will direct firms to have proper way of disclosing CSR as they will know what type of actions stakeholders are expecting from them. Corporate Governance Corporate governance can be defined as a set of rules and regulations according to which the behavior of a company is affected. Another aspect of it is that it is also concerned with the relationships which exists among different stakeholders of the company and with the goals which the company has in view. Shareholders, board of directors, employees, customers, creditors, suppliers, and the community at large are the main stakeholders of a business. Gabrielle ODonovan defines corporate governance as an internal system encompassing policies, processes and people, which serves the needs of shareholders and other stakeholders, by directing and controlling management activities with good business know-how, objectivity, accountability and integrity. Sound corporate governance is reliant on external marketplace commitment and legislation, plus a healthy board culture which safeguards policies and processes. An essential part of corporate governance is to create a system that try to decrease or eradicate the principal agent problem which will ensure accountability of certain individuals in the business. Corporate governance has several areas of discussion such as the effect of a system of corporate governance in economic efficiency whereby more emphasis has to be put on shareholders welfare. Principles of corporate Governance Honesty, trust and integrity, openness, performance orientation, responsibility and accountability, mutual respect, and commitment to the organization forms an essential part of corporate governance. The most important part in corporate governance is to see whether the management has been able to develop a model which is in line with the standards of the corporate participants. In addition to this they must evaluate this model from time to time to ensure that it is effective. Hence the management should do their wok honestly and ethically, particularly concerning conflicts of interest and disclosure in financial reports. Commonly accepted principles of corporate governance include: Rights and equitable treatment of shareholders: company should respect the rights of shareholders and help shareholders to implement those rights. They can help shareholders exercise their rights by effectively communicating information that is understandable and accessible and encouraging shareholders to participate in general meetings. Interests of other stakeholders: Organizations should be aware of the legal and other obligations that all legitimate stakeholders have. Role and responsibilities of the board: The board needs a variety of skills and understanding to be able to deal with various business issues and have the aptitude to review and challenge management performance. It needs to be of adequate size and have an apt level of commitment to fulfill its responsibilities and duties. There are issues about the appropriate mix of executive and non-executive directors. Integrity and ethical behavior: Ethical and responsible decision making is not only important for public relations, but it is also a crucial part in risk management and avoiding lawsuits. businesses should develop a code of conduct for their directors and executives that promotes ethical and responsible decision making. It is important to understand, though, that reliance by a company on the integrity and ethics of individuals is bound to eventual failure. Because of this, many organizations establish Compliance and Ethics Programs to minimize the risk that the firm steps outside of ethical and legal boundaries. Disclosure and transparency: Organizations should simplify and make publicly known the roles and responsibilities of board and management to provide shareholders with a level of accountability. They should also implement measures to independently validate and safeguard the integrity of the companys financial reporting. Disclosure of material matters concerning the organization should be timely and balanced to ensure that all investors have access to clear, factual information. Nevertheless corporate governance, despite some weak attempts from various quarters, remains a vague and often misunderstood expression. For quite some time it was confined only to corporate management. It is something much broader, for it must include a fair, efficient and transparent administration and strive to meet certain well defined, written objectives. Corporate governance must go well beyond law. The quantity, quality and frequency of financial and managerial disclosure, the degree and extent to which the board of Director (BOD) exercise their trustee responsibilities (largely an ethical commitment), and the commitment to run a transparent organization- these should be constantly evolving due to interplay of many factors and the roles played by the more progressive/responsible elements within the corporate sector. CG and CSR Disclosure Following recent accounting and ethical scandals in firms such as Enron, WorldCom and Parmalat, corporate governance is being regarded as an important issue in the business world due to the fact that rules and regulations have become stricter with regard to societal expectations. In this respect the concept of corporate governance has start to cover some part of CSR. Previous researches has tended to study CG and CSR issues separately and not as combined manifestation in the fast developing business world where CG issues may also have impact on CSR disclosure and firms performance. Examples of studies that have directly or indirectly link CSR and CG are those that talk about the influence of CG reforms on business ethics most often in a particular region( mainly Rossouw 2005; Kimber and Lipton,2005; Ryan 2005); the role of socially responsible investors and shareholder activism (Aguilera et al., 2006; McLaren, 2004; Monks et al., 2004; Guay et al., 2004; Sjà ¶strà ¶m, 2008) and of employee relations (Deakin and Whittaker, 2007; Jones et al., 2007); and, perhaps most remotely, those that critically examine the stakeholder approach, frequently referring to an agency perspective (Hill and Jones, 1992; Jensen, 2001; Sternberg, 1997; cf. Kolk and Pinkse, 2006). There is several corporate governance practice which helps to find out whether corporate social responsibility should be disclosed or not, for example the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) comes across several indicators such as independence and expertise of directors which help to identify economic, environmental and social risks and opportunities and find out whether the financial and non financial goal have been achieved and hence based on this firms will decide whether CSR should be disclosed or not. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility is therefore expected to be more integrated in the field of business disclosure practices. Nowadays companies are required to disclose other types of information, like what the business has done for the welfare of the society, and not only financial information. For this reason the number of firms which publish voluntary reports has increased. According to the triple bottom line, a business reports strategy and operational performance within three primary dimensions and these are financial, stakeholder and environmental performance. Thus these reports shows that there is proper planning in the business as the latter selects the most important issues to be included in the triple bottom line plan and report. This report is usually included in the annual report which shows that the corporate governance structure does indeed have an impact on CSR disclosure. According to Tricker (1984), CSR disclosure can be viewed as a strategy which leads to towards closing a perceived legitimacy gap between management and shareholders, especially foreign shareholders. Non executive directors are seem as a mechanism which not only acts in the best interest of the owner but also in the interest of other stakeholders and they advise about the presentation of the the companies activities. Zahra and Stanton(1988) said that members in the corporate governance team are more likely to concers about honour and obligations and they would make disclosures which would improve their social prestige and honour. Board Size and CSR Disclosure One important element of corporate governance mechanism is the board of directors as they see whether the business is properly managed by their agents. Previous studies have proposed that bigger board size can increase communication and coordination problem and decrease the ability of the board to control management and on the other hand small board can decrease agency conflicts between managers and shareholders (Lipton and Lorsh, 1992; Eisenberg et al., 1998; Raheja, 2003). Jensen (1993) found that large board size result in less effective coordination, communication and decision making is more likely to be controlled by the CEO. Thus it can be forecasted that ineffective coordination in communication and decision making will result in low quality financial disclosure due to the fact that managers have not been able to perform their roles efficiently. Independent Non Executive Directors and CSR disclosure Previous empirical governance literature that board independence will foster board effectiveness. The difference between socially responsible firms and non socially responsible firms board structures was studied by Webb (2004) and she found that socially responsible firms had more independent directors than non socially responsible firms. Independent directors has the objective to safeguard shareholders interest and they also play an important role in enhancing the corporate image. They are seen as an important tool to keep an eye on management behavior (Rosenstein and Wyatt, 1990) and hence this results in more voluntary disclosure. Forker (1992) found out that the higher number of independent directors supervise the quality of financial disclosure. CEO Duality and CSR disclosure When a person hold the position of CEO and boar chairman, CEO duality occurs (Rechner and Dalton, 1989). This combination reflects leadership and corporate governance issues. However vesting these two powers in only one person gives that latter a strong base which can erode the boards ability to exercise effective control (Tsui and Gul, 2000). Therefore, companies with the CEO duality offer greater power to a person, which enable him to make decisions that do not maximize the shareholders wealth and will help improved monitoring quality and reduce benefits from withholding information that may consequently result in enhancing quality of reporting. Audit Committee and CSR disclosure Prior researches have proven that audit committee plays an effective role in enhancing the corporate governance standards. Wright (1996) found that audit committee composition is strongly related to financial reporting. McMullen and Raghunandan (1996) provide support for the association between the presence of an audit and more reliable financial reporting. The existence of an audit committee was significantly and positively related to the extent of voluntary disclosure (Ho and Wong, 2001; Bliss and Balachandran, 2003). Audit committee roles is providing a mean for review of the companys processes for producing financial data and its internal control, thus its existence is in producing high quality financial reporting. According to Mauritian Code of Corporate Governance (First Edition,Revise April 2004), the board should establish an audit committee with majority of independent directors. The existence of audit committee with a higher proportion of independent directors should reduce the agency cost and improve the internal control that will lead to greater quality of disclosures (Forker, 1992). Managerial ownership The agency theory predicts that the principal-agent problem between managers and shareholders arises when managers hold little equity in the corporation. This will lead to managers to engage in an opportunistic behavior (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). Past studies had showed that an increase in management ownership will reduce the agency problems and improved managers incentive to provide more disclosure. Mohd Nasir and Abdullah (2004) investigated the influence of ownership structure in explaining the level of voluntary disclosures among the financially distressed firms and found that management shareholding levels have a significant and positive association with the level of voluntary disclosures. Coffey and Wang (1998) found that managerial control (percentage of stock owned by insiders) is positively related to charitable giving. The above findings were in contrast to Guan Yeik (2006) and Eng and Mak (2003). In his study, he examined the relationship between managerial ownership and corporate social responsibility and he found that managerial ownership was significantly negatively related to corporate social disclosure. In his study, he found that managerial ownership level of 45 percent above will influence the corporate to have lower social disclosure. Eng and Mak (2003) found that lower managerial ownership is associated with increased voluntary disclosures. Foreign ownership Ramasamy and Ting (2004) examined a comparative analysis of corporate social responsibility awareness by using levels of corporate social disclosure as a measurement of corporate social responsibility (CSR) awareness. In their study, they used employee perception towards CSR awareness. The respondents were questioned on their management of CSR within the company, such as awareness of corporate social responsibility, attitudes to CSR in the company, the types of CSR activity and the respondent involvement in CSR. The results show a low level of awareness in both countries, although companies tend to exhibit a relatively higher level of awareness. Chambers et al. (2003) investigated CSR reporting in seven countries through analysis of websites of the top 50 companies in Asia. This study investigated the penetration of CSR reporting within countries; the extent of CSR reporting within companies and the waves of CSR engaged in. The findings in Chambers et al. (2003) showed that, there are fewer CSR companies in the seven selected Asian countries compared with UK and Japan companies. The mean for the seven countries studied, show a score of 41 percent which is under half the score for the UK (98 percent) and Japan companies (96 percent). Thus by involvement of foreign shareholders in Mauritian Listed companies will enhance the extent of corporate social disclosure in Mauritius. Haniffa and Cooke (2005) found a significant relationship between corporate social disclosure and foreign shareholders indicated that companies use corporate social disclosure as a proactive legitimating strategy to obtain continued inflows of capital and to please ethical investors. Foreign shareholdings in Mauritian listed companies have considerably increased.

Insanity of Hamlet and Ophelia

Hamlet’s insanity comes from his passion to get revenge and grief over his fathers death, while Ophelia has true and justified insanity. Hamlet has reason behind his madness, he is saddened by his father’s death, planning on how to kill his uncle, and his mind is in a fragile place throughout the play. Ophelia is very naive, defenseless, and loyal to the men in her life. She cannot contend with difficulties that occur during the play such as, her father dying, Hamlet’s attitude towards her, and her lack of judgement. The are both insane yet have different reasons and ranging motives behind their insanity. Hamlet is in a unique situation where he his mother has married his uncle, Claudius, and his father has been murdered by his uncle. He wants nothing but revenge for his father. Hamlet is obsessed with proving Claudius guilty. Hamlet receives a lot of pressure from the ghost of his father to achieve revenge and feels like he has some sort of responsibility to get revenge for his father. Hamlet is hasty, erratic, and does not really think about his actions. When he stabs Polonius thinking that it is Claudius hiding behind the curtains, he does not even bother to look behind the curtain he just does it. His wild elocution and deranged actions upset other characters and set them up for other actions. When Hamlet repetitively acts nastily towards Ophelia she winds up committing suicide . When Hamlet says, â€Å" Get thee to a nunnery! † to Ophelia she even questions Hamlet’s sanity at that point and may have been a contribution to Ophelia’s suicide. Hamlet is also upset with his mother, Gertrude, for marrying Claudius so fast after his fathers death. Hamlet feels betrayed by his mother and is enraged with her. In the play Hamlet tells Gertrude how much better his father was than Claudius and tries to make her promise how much better his father was than Claudius. Hamlet says to Gertrude in Act 3 Scene 4, â€Å"Mother, you have my father much offended. † Hamlet feels like his mother has betrayed his father and is angry. Hamlet makes Gertrude feel guilty for doing this. Ophelia madness is brought upon by her love for Hamlet, her loyalty to men, the death of her father, her lover killing her father, and many other things. Hamlet and Ophelia’s relationship is not based on love, but almost around their insanity. It seems as if Hamlet does not really love Ophelia until she passes and then he finally realizes his true love for her. Hamlet states in Act 5 Scene 1,†I loved Ophelia. Forty-thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum. What wilt thou do for her? †. Ophelia truly loves Hamlet and thinks that Hamlet loves her the same way, she is traumatized by the fact that Hamlet shuns her and is rude to her. While watching the play in the castle Hamlet says to Ophelia, â€Å"That’s a fair thought to lie between maids' legs. † His rude comment to Ophelia causes her to become distraught. Hamlet is a possible cause of Ophelia’s suicide. When she finds out that Hamlet has killed her father she talks in riddles, rhymes, and sings songs about death and virginity. In Act 4 Scene 5 Ophelia sings, â€Å"Larded with sweet flowers which bewept to the grave did not go with true-love showers. † Ophelia is hysterical over the fact that Hamlet had killed her father and this is where she completely loses her sanity. She listens to all the men in her life and follows their commands. Polonius and Laertes tell Ophelia to not see Hamlet and that Hamlet does not love her. Laertes states to Ophelia in Act 1 Scene 3, â€Å"Perhaps he loves you now, and now no soil nor cautel doth besmirch the virtue of his will but you must fear. † Laertes is telling Ophelia that Hamlet only wants her love now and will be done with her later. She believes Laertes and does not think for herself. Ophelia is an unpredictable woman who is confused by the males in her life. Ophelia and Hamlet are both undoubtedly insane, but at times Hamlet is on the brink of sanity. Ophelia is clearly crazy throughout the play. She is wild, emotional, and is operated by others. Hamlet’s madness has a source behind it and is at times a sham to throw off others. He is frazzled by his fathers’ death and getting revenge for his father by killing Claudius. He also is angered over the fact that Gertrude, his mother, married Claudius, his uncle, so quickly. Hamlet states in Act 1 scene 2, â€Å" The funeral baked meats did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables. † He is saying that his mother got married so quickly that the left overs from the funeral could cater the wedding. His relationship with Ophelia tears at his heart. He tells Ophelia that â€Å"a woman’s love is brief† during the play within a play nd makes sexual remarks to her. He is very passionate about his fathers death but not about Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s death . Hamlet is so enveloped in getting revenge for his father, that he does not even care about the death of his two friends. Hamlet is deep in his plot for revenge against Claudius, he makes himself â€Å"crazy† over it. Hamlet and a few others are the only ones that see the ghost, people who do not see the ghost think Hamlet and the others are mad. Hamlet’s relationship with his mother was ruined after she marries Claudius. He feels betrayed by her and his mind is filled with memories of his father. Hamlet has crude passion and purpose behind his insane feelings. Ophelia is entirely insane. Hamlet’s insanity comes from the passion to get revenge for his father’s murder on Claudius and his mother for getting married so quickly to Claudius. Hamlet and Ophelia are both crazy, but Ophelia is absolutely insane and cannot handle the struggles of life. Hamlet could have possibly gotten over his insanity and dealt with his feelings, but his passion for revenge took him over. They are both insane and unstable people as Shakespeare indicates through their deaths.

A Weeping Child, Hidden by an Evil Front Essay

Many people say, those who can become good are not truly evil and that those who can become evil are not truly good. A person who is truly evil must have no remorse for the bad they have done. A truly evil person can never become good. Lady Macbeth and her husband Macbeth commit the ultimate evil. Together, they kill their King and afterwards murder and deceive many others. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Lady Macbeth is depicted to be an evil and cruel woman in the beginning, but in the end it becomes clear that Lady Macbeth is not completely evil because she knew that what she was doing was wrong, was merely trying to please her husband, and shows complete remorse for her actions. In the early scenes of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is portrayed to be a cruel and evil woman, but despite her actions she still realizes her wrongdoing. As she plots and demeans her husband she seems to be the backbone of the plan to kill the King. According to Bernad, a published literary critic, â€Å"She is the ambitious, unscrupulous, cruel woman who would pluck the infant smiling at her breast and dash its brains out. But beneath this iron front is a heart of flesh†¦ † (52). Lady Macbeth is putting on a front of evil to try and make her self think that what she is about to do is okay. She may seem to be evil, but she is in fact completely aware of how wrong her actions are. She even mocks the manhood of Macbeth saying, â€Å" Art thou afeard/ To be the same in thine own act and valor/ As thou art desire? Wouldst thou have that/ Which thou esteem’st the ornament of life/ And live a coward in thine own esteem,† and even suggests he is more of a woman than she is, however, she cannot kill Duncan herself (I. vii. 43-47). She begs the spirits to unsex her,† Come you spirits/ That ten on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,† knowing that she cannot do the terrible things that she must as the woman she is (I. v. 47-48). Even though she claims she could dash her infant’s brains out, she cannot find it in her to kill Duncan herself due to his so called resemblance to her father. All of the evil she seems to be in the early scenes is self-proclaimed. Lady Macbeth puts on this front of evil, but beneath it all she knows that what she is doing is ultimately wrong. Lady Macbeth not only knows her wrongdoing, but is also unselfish, doing all of this with her husband in mind. Her evil persona is simply bravery. Bernad writes, â€Å"To bolster up her husband’s courage, she puts up a brave front; but when alone, she shows how empty handed she is† (52). Although Lady Macbeth does have something to gain from Duncan’s death, she is trying to get her husband courage up to do something that he ultimately wants more than anything. This is a quality of unselfishness, which is far from evil. In front of him, she simply washes her hands of the blood as if it is nothing, but behind closed doors the blood would remain. Lady Macbeth knows as soon as she receives Macbeths letter that he wants to become the King. She says, â€Å"It is too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness/ To catch the nearest way: thou wouldst be great,/ Art not without ambition, but without/ The illness should attend it† (I. v. 17-20) Lady Macbeth knows that Macbeth wants to be the king. She also knows that without being pushed, he will not do this for himself. In order to be the unselfish and ultimately good wife she is, she must put on this brave and evil front to get her husband what he wants. She thinks of her husband and not of herself when she pushes him to do this evil act. Lady Macbeth is not an evil woman; she is simply an unselfish woman who must be brave for her husband. Remorse is another characteristic Lady Macbeth had that is not evil. A completely evil person has no guilt for the bad they do. As the play continues and begins to come to an end, a new side of Lady Macbeth is shown. A side is shown of a more feminine, and helpless woman. Bernad writes, â€Å" She has become like a scared little girl, suddenly conscious of all the wrong she has done†, and â€Å"she has become almost a pathetic figure† (52-53). By the end of the play Lady Macbeth has become crazy, consumed by her guilt. Her previous front of evil is completely erased and her true vulnerable side is shown in her sleep. As she confesses her guilt and wrongdoing, she becomes an object of sympathy. Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"The thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now?/ What, will these hands ne’er be clean? No/ more o’ that, my lord, no more o’ that. You mar all/ with this starting† (V. i. 44-47). As she says this she knows she will never be able to get rid of the guilt. She asks if her hands will ever be clean, referring to the guilt she will always carry with her. She then goes to bed, and falls into a sleep she will never wake up from. As Lady Macbeth becomes overwhelmed with guilt, as Bernad says, â€Å" She is the heart-broken girl sitting on the doorstep, weeping over her broken doll. No man is so callous as not to have compassion on her weeping† (52). As Lady Macbeth begins to crumble, there is no evil to her. She is simply a broken woman. Lady Macbeth’s unselfishness, remorse, and complete knowledge of her actions show that she is not completely evil. Although she seems to be evil throughout the early scenes, she realizes that what she is doing is ultimately wrong. This is a trait of a good person and not an evil one. Another one of these traits is her unselfishness. All of her bad actions throughout the play were made simply with the goal to get her husband what he wanted. Lady Macbeth ultimately feels guilt and remorse for all of the wrong that comes out of what she has done. Lady Macbeth is not completely evil because she has traits that a completely evil person cannot have. No person with the ability to do good, and care for others is a completely evil person.

The Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs Fair The Negative...

Throughout history, incest, or consanguineal mating, has largely been considered taboo in cultures around the world. This belief may not simply be culturally motivated, but evolutionarily advantageous and biologically enforced. Despite this, in multiple cultures, the prestige of royalty and nobility seem to outweigh this fundamental virtue. Nowhere is this more true than in ancient Egypt, where members of the royal family were encouraged to marry and mate with close relatives, even siblings or parents. How did the ancient Egyptian pharaohs fair the negative repercussions of an incestual bloodline? While grandiose archeological findings may indicate that the nobility of ancient Egypt lived a spectacularly lavish lifestyle and were revered as gods, this romantic viewpoint often overlooks the underlying biological truth - noble bloodlines were often ravaged by congenital disease, a consequence of their consanguineal pairings. Consanguineous marriages, both in the past and in the modern day, are dangerous practice because offspring resulting from these pairings are often afflicted with congenital disorders and birth defects. The reason why this occurs can be found in Mendelian genetics. Samia Temtamy and Mona Aglan, in their study of consanguinity and genetic disorders in modern Egypt, state that â€Å"The majority of birth defects arise as a consequence of homozygosity for recessive traits† (Temtamy and Aglan 2012: 13). When two people that are closely genetically related mate, it